最新的2D图像压缩方案依赖于卷积神经网络(CNN)的力量。尽管CNN为2D图像压缩提供了有希望的观点,但将此类模型扩展到全向图像并不简单。首先,全向图像具有特定的空间和统计特性,这些特性无法通过当前CNN模型完全捕获。其次,在球体上,基本的数学操作组成了CNN体系结构,例如翻译和采样。在本文中,我们研究了全向图像的表示模型的学习,并建议使用球体的HealPix均匀采样的属性来重新定义用于全向图像的深度学习模型中使用的数学工具。特别是,我们:i)提出了在球体上进行新的卷积操作的定义,以保持经典2D卷积的高表现力和低复杂性; ii)适应标准的CNN技术,例如步幅,迭代聚集和像素改组到球形结构域;然后iii)将我们的新框架应用于全向图像压缩的任务。我们的实验表明,与应用于等应角图像的类似学习模型相比,我们提出的球形溶液可带来更好的压缩增益,可以节省比特率的13.7%。同样,与基于图形卷积网络的学习模型相比,我们的解决方案支持更具表现力的过滤器,这些过滤器可以保留高频并提供压缩图像的更好的感知质量。这样的结果证明了拟议框架的效率,该框架为其他全向视觉任务任务打开了新的研究场所,以在球体歧管上有效实施。
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We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.
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As robotic systems continue to address emerging issues in areas such as logistics, mobility, manufacturing, and disaster response, it is increasingly important to rapidly generate safe and energy-efficient trajectories. In this article, we present a new approach to plan energy-optimal trajectories through cluttered environments containing polygonal obstacles. In particular, we develop a method to quickly generate optimal trajectories for a double-integrator system, and we show that optimal path planning reduces to an integer program. To find an efficient solution, we present a distance-informed prefix search to efficiently generate optimal trajectories for a large class of environments. We demonstrate that our approach, while matching the performance of RRT* and Probabilistic Road Maps in terms of path length, outperforms both in terms of energy cost and computational time by up to an order of magnitude. We also demonstrate that our approach yields implementable trajectories in an experiment with a Crazyflie quadrotor.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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Deep learning-based pose estimation algorithms can successfully estimate the pose of objects in an image, especially in the field of color images. 6D Object pose estimation based on deep learning models for X-ray images often use custom architectures that employ extensive CAD models and simulated data for training purposes. Recent RGB-based methods opt to solve pose estimation problems using small datasets, making them more attractive for the X-ray domain where medical data is scarcely available. We refine an existing RGB-based model (SingleShotPose) to estimate the 6D pose of a marked cube from grayscale X-ray images by creating a generic solution trained on only real X-ray data and adjusted for X-ray acquisition geometry. The model regresses 2D control points and calculates the pose through 2D/3D correspondences using Perspective-n-Point(PnP), allowing a single trained model to be used across all supporting cone-beam-based X-ray geometries. Since modern X-ray systems continuously adjust acquisition parameters during a procedure, it is essential for such a pose estimation network to consider these parameters in order to be deployed successfully and find a real use case. With a 5-cm/5-degree accuracy of 93% and an average 3D rotation error of 2.2 degrees, the results of the proposed approach are comparable with state-of-the-art alternatives, while requiring significantly less real training examples and being applicable in real-time applications.
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病变分割是放射线工作流程的关键步骤。手动分割需要长时间的执行时间,并且容易发生可变性,从而损害了放射线研究及其鲁棒性的实现。在这项研究中,对非小细胞肺癌患者的计算机断层扫描图像进行了深入学习的自动分割方法。还评估了手动与自动分割在生存放射模型的性能中的使用。方法总共包括899名NSCLC患者(2个专有:A和B,1个公共数据集:C)。肺部病变的自动分割是通过训练先前开发的建筑NNU-NET进行的,包括2D,3D和级联方法。用骰子系数评估自动分割的质量,以手动轮廓为参考。通过从数据集A的手动和自动轮廓中提取放射性的手工制作和深度学习特征来探索自动分割对患者生存的放射素模型对患者生存的性能的影响。评估并比较模型的精度。结果通过平均2D和3D模型的预测以及应用后处理技术来提取最大连接的组件,可以实现具有骰子= 0.78 +(0.12)的自动和手动轮廓之间的最佳一致性。当使用手动或自动轮廓,手工制作或深度特征时,在生存模型的表现中未观察到统计差异。最好的分类器显示出0.65至0.78之间的精度。结论NNU-NET在自动分割肺部病变中的有希望的作用已得到证实,从而大大降低了时必的医生的工作量,而不会损害基于放射线学的生存预测模型的准确性。
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在多语言甚至单语言中鉴定的模型的零拍跨语言能力刺激了许多假设,以解释这一有趣的经验结果。但是,由于预处理的成本,大多数研究都使用公共模型的公共模型,其预处理方法(例如代币化,语料库规模和计算预算的选择)可能会大不相同。当研究人员对自己的模型预识时,他们通常会在预算有限的情况下这样做,并且与SOTA模型相比,最终的模型的表现可能明显不足。这些实验差异导致有关这些模型跨语性能力的性质的各种不一致的结论。为了帮助对该主题进行进一步研究,我们发布了10个单语字节级模型,并在相同的配置下进行了严格审慎的概述,并具有大型计算预算(相当于V100的420天)和Corpora,比原始BERT大4倍。由于它们不含令牌,因此消除了看不见的令牌嵌入的问题,从而使研究人员可以在具有不同脚本的语言中尝试更广泛的跨语言实验。此外,我们释放了在不自然语言文本上预测的两个模型,这些模型可用于理智检查实验。关于质量检查和NLI任务的实验表明,我们的单语模型实现了多语言的竞争性能,因此可以加强我们对语言模型中跨语性可传递性的理解。
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在科学计算的许多领域越来越流行的人工神经网络(ANN)的大量使用迅速增加了现代高性能计算系统的能源消耗。新型的神经形态范式提供了一种吸引人的替代方案,它直接在硬件中实施了ANN。但是,对于科学计算中用例使用ANN在神经形态硬件上运行ANN的实际好处知之甚少。在这里,我们提出了一种方法,用于测量使用常规硬件的ANN来计算推理任务的时间。此外,我们为这些任务设计了一个体系结构,并根据最先进的模拟内存计算(AIMC)平台估算了相同的指标,这是神经形态计算中的关键范例之一。在二维凝结物质系统中的量子多体物理学中的用例比较两种方法,并在粒子物理学中大型强子对撞机上以40 MHz的速率以40 MHz的速率进行异常检测。我们发现,与传统硬件相比,AIMC最多可以达到一个较短的计算时间,最高三个数量级的能源成本。这表明使用神经形态硬件进行更快,更可持续的科学计算的潜力。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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黑色素瘤是一种严重的皮肤癌,在后期阶段高死亡率。幸运的是,当早期发现时,黑色素瘤的预后是有希望的,恶性黑色素瘤的发病率相对较低。结果,数据集严重不平衡,这使培训当前的最新监督分类AI模型变得复杂。我们建议使用生成模型来学习良性数据分布,并通过密度估计检测出分布(OOD)恶性图像。标准化流(NFS)是OOD检测的理想候选者,因为它们可以计算精确的可能性。然而,它们的感应偏见对明显的图形特征而不是语义上下文障碍障碍的OOD检测。在这项工作中,我们旨在将这些偏见与黑色素瘤的领域水平知识一起使用,以改善基于可能性的OOD检测恶性图像。我们令人鼓舞的结果表明,使用NFS检测黑色素瘤的可能性。我们通过使用基于小波的NFS,在接收器工作特性的曲线下,面积增加了9%。该模型需要较少的参数,以使其更适用于边缘设备。拟议的方法可以帮助医学专家诊断出皮肤癌患者并不断提高存活率。此外,这项研究为肿瘤学领域的其他领域铺平了道路,具有类似的数据不平衡问题\ footNote {代码可用:
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